Presidential Decrees 53 By-Laws 54 Other Delegated Legislation (Subordinate Legislation) 55 Doctrine 55 Court Decisions 56 Hierarchy of Law 56 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 58 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 60 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 60 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 61 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 61 CHAPTER 2: SYSTEMS OF LAW INTRODUCTION 67 LEGAL SYSTEMS 69 Common Law System 71 Civil Law System 73 Comparison between Common Law and Civil Law 77 Religious Law System 78 SEVERAL CONCEPTS 86 Law & Justice 86 Legal Positivism & Natural Law 87 Domestic Law & International Law 88 Dualism 89 Monism 90 Substantive Law & Procedural Law 90 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 92 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 94 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 94 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 95 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 95 CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES INTRODUCTION 99 APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES 100 Ascertaining the Applicable Rules 100 Determining Facts 101
Applying the Relevant Provisions of Rule 102 Syllogism 102 Argumentum a Contrario 103 Analogy (Argumentum a pari) 103 BURDEN OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS 107 Burden of Proof 108 Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases 108 Burden of Proof in Civil Cases 109 Presumptions 110 Statutory Presumption 110 Rebuttable Presumption 110 Irrebuttable Presumption 112 INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES 112 Textual Interpretation 113 Historical Interpretation 114 Logical Interpretation 115 Teleological Interpretation 115 Unrestricted Interpretation 116 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 117 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 119 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 119 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 120 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 120 CHAPTER 4: BRANCHES OF LAW INTRODUCTION 123 CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS 124 CRITERIA FOR THE DIVISION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE LAW 128 Benefit Criterion 128 Free Will Criterion 129 Sovereignty Criterion 129 Equality Criterion 130 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 131 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 134 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 134 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 135 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 135
CHAPTER 5: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 139 DEFINITION OF CONSTITUTION 139 Contents of the Constitution 141 Preliminary Chapter (or Preamble) 141 General Principles Chapter 143 Institutions of the State Chapter 143 Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Chapter 146 Effectiveness and Amendment Chapter 148 Essentials or Requisites of a Good Constitution 150 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS 151 Unwritten and Written Constitutions 152 Merits and Demerits of Unwritten Constitutions 153 Merits and Demerits of Written Constitutions 155 Soft and Rigid Constitution 155 Merits and Demerits of Soft Constitutions 156 Merits and Demerits of Rigid Constitutions 157 Frame and Regular Constitution 158 CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 159 The History of Constitutionalism in the World 160 The Constitutional History of Turkey 164 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 170 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 172 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 172 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 173 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 173 CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW INTRODUCTION 177 THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATION 178 Division of Public-Private Administration 179 The Way of Establishment 179 The Purpose of Establishment/Activity 179 The Determination of Activity Areas 180 The Exercise of Public Power 180 The Principle of Equality 180
The Principle of Legality 180 The Way of Termination 180 THE BIRTH OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN FRANCE AND TURKEY 181 The Birth of Administrative Law in France 182 The Birth of Administrative Law in Turkey 182 The Features of Administrative Law 183 CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 184 Centralization 184 Decentralization 186 The Integrity of the Administration 187 Hierarchy 188 Administrative Tutelage 189 Devolution of Powers 191 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 193 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 195 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 195 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 196 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 196 CHAPTER 7: TAX LAW INTRODUCTION 201 DEFINITION OF TAX 203 TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM 205 Tax Procedure 205 Substantive Tax Law 207 Personal Income Tax 207 Corporate Income Tax 209 Taxes on Goods and Services 209 Taxes on Property 213 Other Taxes 214 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 216 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 218 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 218 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 219 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 219
CHAPTER 8: INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 223 THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE 226 The State and Society 227 The State and Nation 229 The State and Government 230 THE ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 231 Territory 231 Background Note on Aegean Disputes Between Turkey and Greece 233 Population 239 Sovereignty 239 Internal Sovereignty & External Sovereignty 242 Real Sovereignty & Nominal Sovereignty 242 Legal Sovereignty & Political Sovereignty & Popular Sovereignty 243 De Jure Sovereignty & De Facto Sovereignty 243 THE THEORIES OF THE STATE 244 Voluntaristic Theories 244 Theory of the Contract 245 Coercive Theory 246 Environmental Circumscription 247 Political Evolution 248 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 250 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 252 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 252 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 253 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 253 CHAPTER 9: CRIMINAL LAW INTRODUCTION 257 THE DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW 259 MAJOR ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW 259 Definition of Crimes 259 Types of Crimes 263 Sanctions 272 Principle of Non-Retroactivity 276
THE AIMS OF PUNISHMENT 277 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 280 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 282 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 282 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 283 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 283 CHAPTER 10: CIVIL LAW INTRODUCTION 287 TURKISH CIVIL CODE 288 Preliminary Chapter (Articles 1-7) 288 Book One (Articles 8-117): Law of Persons 291 Classification of Persons 291 Beginning and End of Personality 292 Capacity 293 Book Two (Articles 118-494): Family Law 296 Filiation 296 Marriage 299 Divorce 300 Book Three (Articles 495-682): Law of Succession 303 Intestate Succession 304 Testate Succession 305 Agreement of Inheritance 306 Limit of Free Will 306 Reserved Portions 306 Disclaim of Inheritance 307 Book Four (Articles 683-1027): Law of Property 307 TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 308 Contracts 308 Illegal Acts (Torts) 308 Unjust Enrichments 309 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 310 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 312 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 312 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 313 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 313
CHAPTER 11: COMMERCIAL LAW INTRODUCTION 317 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIAL LAW 317 TURKISH COMMERCIAL CODE 319 Preliminary Chapter (Articles 1-10) 320 Book One (Article 11-123): Commercial (Business) Enterprises 323 Book Two (Article 124-644): Business Associations (Corporate Law) 325 Collective Company 326 Commandite Company 327 Joint Stock Company 327 Limited Companies 328 Cooperatives 328 Book Three (Article 645-849): Commercial Papers 328 Book Four (Article 850-930): Transport Business 330 Book Five (Article 931-1400): Maritime Law 330 Book Six (Article 1401-1535): Insurance Law 331 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 332 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 334 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 334 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 335 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 335 CHAPTER 12: PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 339 CONFLICT OF LAWS 341 LAW OF NATIONALITY 343 LAW OF ALIENS (FOREIGNERS) 346 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 353 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 355 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 355 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 356 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 356 CHAPTER 13: PROCEDURAL LAW INTRODUCTION 359 THE LAW OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 360 THE LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 363
THE LAW OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 371 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 375 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 377 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 377 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 378 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 378 CHAPTER 14: BRANCHES OF LAW WHERE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW CHARACTERISTICS ARE MIXED INTRODUCTION 383 LABOUR LAW 383 Individual Labour Law 385 Contract of Employment 386 Types of Employment Contracts 387 Termination of Labour Contracts 387 Obligations and Duties of Employer 391 Obligations and Duties of Employee 393 Collective Labour Law 393 Labour Judiciary 395 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 396 BANKING LAW 399 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 404 FILL IN THE BLANKS QUESTIONS 406 TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 406 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 407 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 407 GLOSSARY 409 INDEX 415
