Football Hooliganism and Its Solutions With Specific Reference To Turkey

CONTENTS
CONTENTS 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9
INTRODUCTION 11
CHAPTER 1
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM
IN ENGLAND 17
CHAPTER 2
AN OVERVIEW OF BRITISH THEORIES FOR THE EXPLANATION
OF THE PROBLEM OF FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM 27
CHAPTER 3
POLICING FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM IN ENGLAND 37
3.1. English Disease 37
3.2. Legal Provisions 41
3.2.1. The Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol)
Act 1985 41
3.2.2. The Public Order Act 1986 43
3.2.3. The Football Spectators Act 1989 44
3.2.4. The Football (Offences) Act 1991 45
3.2.5. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
(CJA) 1994 46

6 Contents
CHAPTER 4
BANNING ORDERS, TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS AND THEIR
POTENTIAL BREACH OF HUMAN RIGHTS 49
4.1. The Football (Offences and Disorder) Act 1999 50
4.2. The Football (Disorder) Act 2000 52
CHAPTER 5
INTERREGNUM CONCLUSION 61
CHAPTER 6
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM
IN TURKEY 67

CHAPTER 7
AN ATTEMPT TOWARDS SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM
THE REASONS BEHIND VIOLENCE IN FOOTBALL GROUNDS

IN TURKEY 79
7.1. Economic and Social Issues 83
7.2. The Lack of Football Culture 83
7.3. Security Measures and Police Policy 86
7.4. Club Administrators and Terrace Gangs 87
7.5. The Shadow of the Mafia 89
7.6. Stadiums, Poor facilities, Control fences 90
7.7. Referees without self-reliance 91
7.8. Managers and Players 91
Contents 7
7.9. Racism and Nationalism 92
7.10. The Media 93
CHAPTER 8
POLICING FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM IN TURKEY 97
CHAPTER 9
THE CONCLUSION - THE WAY FORWARD 107
APPENDIX I
TABLE OF STATUTES. 115
TABLE OF CASES 117
APPENDIX II
BIBLIOGRAPHY 119
JOURNALS 121
NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE ARTICLES 123

Appendix II Bibliography
Books
• Amstrong, G., ‘Football Hooligans’, Berg, Oxford, 1998
• Atabeyoglu, C., ‘Cumhuriyet Doneminde Spor Politikasi’, (The Sport Policy at the Early Stage of Republic of Turkey), Iletisim Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1985
• Bora, T., Horak, R. & Reiter W., ‘Futbol ve Kulturu’, (Football and Its Culture), Iletisim Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1993
• Cupi, I., ‘Futbolun Olumu’, (The Death of the Football), Iletisim, Istanbul, 2002
• Dunning, E., ‘Sport Matters’, Routledge, London, 1999
• Dunning, E., Murphy P., and Williams J., ‘The Roots of Football Hooliganism’, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1988
• Dunning E., ‘Soccer Hooliganism as a World Social Problem’, Sport Matters, Routledge, London, 1999
• Frosdick,. S., & Marsh P., ‘Football Hooliganism’, Willian Publishing, London, 2005,
• Gardiner, S., at al, ‘Sports Law’, Cavendish, Third Edition, London, 2006,

120 Appendix II – Bibliography

• Gumus, S,. ‘Futbol ve Biz’, (Football and Us), Can, Istanbul, 2000
• İngham, R. at al. ‘Football Hooliganism - The Wider Context’, Inter-Action Inprint, London, 1978
• Icel, K., ‘Spor ve Ceza Hukuku’,(Sport and Criminal Law),
Seckin, Istanbul, 2006

• Kerr, J.,H., ‘Understanding Soccer Hooliganism’, Open Universty Press, Buckingham,1994
• Kilic, E., ‘Kirli Kramponlar, Futbol ve Mafia’,(Dirty Boots- Football and Mafia), Bilge Karinca, Istanbul, 2004
• Murphy, P., Williams J., and Dunning E., ‘Football on Trial’, Routledge, London, 1990
• Sahin, H. M., ‘Sporda Siddet ve Saldirganlik (Violence and Aggressiveness on Sport), Nobel, Ankara, 2003
• Sleep, M., ‘Social Issues in Sport’, Macmillan Press, London, 1998
• Unsal, A., ‘Tribun Cemeatinin Ofkesi’, (The Fear Of Terrace Community), Iletisim, Istanbul, 2005
• Ulug, Y., ‘Haticeye Mektuplar (Letters to Hatice)’, Iletisim, Istanbul, 2003
• Yurtcan, E., ‘The Preventing Violence and Disorder in Sporting Competition Act and Its Comments’, Kare Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2006

Journals

• Akin Y., ‘Not Just a Game: The Kayseri v. Sivas Football Disaster’, Soccer and Society, Vol.5, 2004
• Beckham G., ‘The Price of Passion: The Banishment of English Hooligans from Football Matches in Violation of Fundamental Freedoms’, Hastings Int. Comp. Law Review, Vol. 25:41
• Deards, E., ‘Human Rights for Football Hooligans’, European Law Review, 2002
• Carroll, R., ‘Football Hooliganism in England’, International Review of Sport Sociology, Clifton Library, Short Loan
• Dunning E. ‘Sociological Reflections on Sport, Violence and Civilization’, International Review for Sociology of Sport, 1990, 25(I), 65-80
• Lewis R.W. ‘Football Hooliganism In England before 1914:A Critique of the Dunning Thesis, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.13 No: 3, 1996
• Nick Taylor, ‘Football Banning Orders: Compatibility with EU and Human Rights Law, Journal of Criminal Law, 2001
• Pearson G., ‘A Cure Worse than the Disease? Reflections on Gough and Smith v Chief Constable of Derbyshire’, Entertainment Law, Vol.1 No.2, 2002

122 Journals

• Pearson G., ‘Qualifying for Europe-The Legitimacy of Football Banning Orders ‘On Complaint’ under the Principal of Proportionality’ Entertainment and Sport Law Journal, Vol.3, No. 1
• Pearson G., ‘Legitimate Targets? The Civil Liberties of Football Fans’, Journal of Civil Liberties, Vol.4, Part 1
• Pearson, G., ‘Legislating for the Football Hooligan: A Case for Reform’
• Stott, C., & Pearson G., ‘Football Banning Orders, Proportionality, and Public Order Policing’, The Howard Journal, Vol. 45, No:3, July 2006
• Taylor, I. R., ‘Soccer Consciousness and Soccer Hooliganism’, Sociology of Sport, Clifton Library, Short Loan
• Taylor, I, R., ‘Football Mad: A Speculative Sociology of Football Hooliganism’, Sociology of Sport, Clifton Library, Short Loan
• The Encyclopedia of History of Turkish Sport, Cumhuriyetin 75 Yili, Vol. 3
• Yarar, B., ‘Hegemonic Struggle, the State and Popular Culture’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol.8, No: 2, 2005

Newspaper/Magazine Articles

• Akcan S. ‘Turkish Football Federation Introduces New Series of Penalties’, Zaman, 09/08/2006
• A Businessman Killed after an Accident, Hurriyet, 06 June 2004
• Fights on School, Posta, News, 07 April 2003
• Hicyilmaz E., Sabah-Aktuel Pazar, 8 August 2004
• Kepcekutan N., ‘Agents are on Duty’, Milliyet, 22/09/2006
• Kilic B., ‘Holiganizmi Cesur Valiler Onler’, (Brave Governors Can Prevent Hooliganism), Aksiyon, 05/08/2006
• Magden P. ‘Besiktasli Fukara Cocuk (A Poor Young Besiktas Fan), Radikal, 24 November 2004
• Nese Duzel ‘An Interview with Ahmet Cakar’, Radikal, 29 November 2004
• Special interview with Ministry of Sport, Uluer S and Yilmaer E., Hurriyet, 24 January 2004

124 Newspaper / Magazine Articles

Web Sites

• http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=18445
• http://www.bbc.co.uk Coroner Urges Football Shake Up’, 22/01/2004
• http://www.urban75.org/football/after4.html
• http://www.le/ac/uk/footballresearch/resources/factshee ts/fs1.html
• http://www.le.ac.uk/footballresearch/resources/factshee ts/fs2.html
• http://www.hooligansfootball.homestead.com/historyof
~ns4.html

• http://www.sirc.org/publik/football_ciolence.pdf
• http://www.liv.ac.uk/footballindustry/hborough
• http://dictionary.laborlawtalk.com/Hooliganism
• http://www.ex.ac.uk/~watupman/undergrad/rowlands
• http://www.shankly.com/lifeanddeath.htm
• www.wikipedia.org/wiki/moralpanic
• http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/football_Arr est_BO_2004-5.pdf?view=Binary
• http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2066880,00.html
• http://footballisthelove.netfirms.com/turkish_football_a ssociation_and.htm

Newspaper / Magazine Articles 125

• www.hurriyetim.com.tr/arsiv/22/10/2004
• www.milliyet.com/arsiv/02/03/2002
• www.zaman.com.tr/arsiv/26/04/2004
• www.encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/footballhooli ganism
• www.sabah.com.tr/hincaluluc/15/01/2004
• www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/227601.asp06/08/2003
• http://www.referansgazetesi.com/haber.aspx?HBR_KO D=48984&ForArsiv=1
• http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/?pid=77
• http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=135457
• www.tbmm.gov.tr/spordasiddet_rapor1tbmm
• http://www.sabah.com.tr/ozel/spor214/dosya_234,6.html
• http://www.ucd.ie/css/papers/football%2001..pdf
• http://www.elyadal.org/arge/tmt_futbol.htm
• http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_cooperation/sport/moni toring_fulfillment/spectator_violence_convention/2.Tur key.asp