TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 7 Table of Contents 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11) Background and Motivation 13 12) Methodology 23 13) Book Outline 26 CHAPTER 2: ‘TERRORISTIC SPEECH’ IN CONTEXT 21) Introduction 29 22) Impact of Ill-Defined Basis of 'Political Violence' and 'Terrorism' on the Right to Freedom of Expression 34 221) Political Violence 35 222) Terrorism 38 223) Definitional Dilemmas: ‘Terrorism’ and ‘Terroristic Speech’ in International Law 43 23) Legal Responses to ‘Terroristic Speech’ and their ‘Historical Evolution’52 231) Pathological Period and ‘Terroristic Speech’ 2311) Pathologies of two World Wars and the Cold War 55 2312) The pathology of the ‘War on Terror’ 59 232) Offences in relation to ‘Terroristic Speech’60 2321) Sedition, Treason and Espionage 61 2322) Offences related to 'Terroristic Speech': Direct and Indirect Incitement 67 10 Table of Contents 233) Elements of these Offences 73 2331) Actus Reus 74 2332) Mens Rea of Speaker 77 2333) Content of Expression and Context of Expression 78 24) Rationales against Restricting 'Terroristic Speech' 79 25) Conclusion 84 CHAPTER 3: DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO ‘TERRORISTIC SPEECH’ UNDER THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION BY TURKISH JURISPRUDENCE, the ECtHR, AND UNHRC 31) Introduction 87 32) The Right to Freedom of Expression 91 321) The Right to Freedom of Press 95 33) The Doctrinal Principles under the Scope of the Right to Freedom of Expression 98 331) Prescribed by law 100 332) Legitimate Aims 106 333) Democratic Necessity 109 334) Proportionality 113 34) The Concepts Diminishing the Protection of Freedom of Expression 118 341) The Doctrine of Margin of Appreciation 119 342) The Principle of Militant Democracy 122 35) Conclusion 132 CHAPTER 4: TURKEY’S HIGH COURTS RESPONSE TO ‘TERRORISTIC SPEECH’ 41) Introduction 135 42) Turkey's Legal Response to ‘Terroristic Speech’ 137 421) Expressions that Advocate Political Violence 145 Table of Contents 11 4211) Incitement to Hatred and Animosity, Causing Political Violence 151 422) Expression that Advocates Terrorism 157 4221) Disclosure and Publication of ‘Terrorist’ related Materials 164 4222) Propaganda for Terrorism 168 4223) Praising of ‘Terrorism’ 172 43) Elements to Determine whether Expression is 'Terroristic Speech' 176 431) Mens Rea 177 432) Actus Reus 181 4321) The Audience (Publicity) 185 4322) The Evidential Basis for Prosecution of Expression, and the Courts’ Evaluation of the Content and Context of Expression 186 44) Conclusion 190 CHAPTER 5: THE ECtHR’S RESPONSE TO ‘TERRORISTIC SPEECH’ 51) Introduction 195 52) The ECtHR`s Response to ‘Terroristic Speech’ 199 521) Expressions that Advocate Political Violence 204 522) Expressions that Advocate Terrorism 214 5221) Response to ‘Terroristic Speech’ in the post-9/11 era (Indirect incitement) 226 53) The Elements that Required by the European Court in Terms of ‘Terroristic Speech’ 232 531) The Content of Expression 235 532) The Context of Expression 239 5321) Audience-Publicity 241 5322) The Probability of Harm 243 533) Mens Rea of the Speaker 244 54) Conclusion 245 12 Table of Contents CHAPTER 6: THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE’S RESPONSE TO ‘TERRORISTIC SPEECH’ 61) Introduction 249 62) The Human Rights Committee’s Response to ‘Terroristic Speech’ 253 621) Expressions that Advocate Political Violence 257 622) Incitement to Hatred or Violence/Racial Violence: 269 623) Expressions that Advocate Terrorism 277 63) The Elements Required by the Committee in Terms of ‘Terroristic Speech’ 282 631) Actus Reus 285 6311) Evaluation of Content & Context of Expression 286 6312) Publicity 289 6313) The Probability of Harm 290 632) Mens Rea 292 64) Conclusion 294 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION297 BIBLIOGRAPHY 313 Books 313 Articles 318 LIST OF CASES: 332 Cases from Turkey: 332 ECtHR Cases: 336 UN Human Rights Committee and The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Communications: 341 Other Relevant Cases: 345 The List of Key Legislations 345
