Protection of Internally Displaced People from Arbitrary Displacement: The Development of a New Right

Naziye DİRİKGİL

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................2

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY

1.1. How has academia studied the global issue of internal

displacement and the international law surrounding the rights

of IDPs? .................................................................................6

1.2. Contributions........................................................................19

1.3. Study Outline .......................................................................20

CHAPTER 2:

INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AS A GLOBAL

PROBLEM

2.1. Introduction..........................................................................22

2.2. The Concept of Internally Displaced Persons......................23

2.3. Framing a Definition of IDPs ..............................................25

2.4. The Contribution of the IDP Definition in the Guiding

Principles..............................................................................31

2.5. Coordination and Protection Issues......................................34

2.6. The UN Security Council’s Involvement in the

Protection of IDPs................................................................38

2.7. IDPs as a Special Category of Concern ...............................41

2.8. An Overview of the Specific Needs of IDPs and their Rights

under International Law.......................................................44

2.9. The Content of the Guiding Principles ................................49

2.10. The Legal Nature of the Guiding Principles........................57

2.11. Prevention is Better Than Cure............................................61

2.12. Conclusion ...........................................................................66

VI

CHAPTER 3:

PROHIBITION OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT: ITS SCOPE

OF APPLICATION IN THE IDP CONCEPT AND THE

APPLICABLE LAW

3.1. Introduction..........................................................................68

3.2. Interaction between IHL, IHRL and ICL.............................69

3.3. Forced Displacement of IDPs..............................................78

3.4. Prohibition of Forced Displacement under IHL ..................86

3.4.1. Forced Displacement and International-Armed Conflict .87

3.4.2. Forced Displacement and Non-International Armed

Conflict.............................................................................92

3.5. Prohibition of Forced Displacement under International

Criminal Law .....................................................................104

3.5.1. Forced Displacement as War Crimes.............................105

3.5.2. Forced Displacement as Crimes against Humanity........107

3.5.3. Forced Displacement and Ethnic Cleansing...................109

3.5.4. Forced Displacement Amounts to Other Inhumane Acts

111

3.6. The Prohibition of Forced Displacement under International

Human Rights Law ............................................................117

3.7. CONCLUSION..................................................................126

CHAPTER 4:

THE RIGHT NOT TO BE ARBITRARILY DISPLACED

4.1. Introduction........................................................................129

4.2. Developments Leading to Explicit Recognition of the Right

Not to be Arbitrarily Displaced..........................................130

4.3. Rights-Based Approach to Internal Displacement.............135

4.4. The Right not to be Arbitrarily Displaced as a Free-Standing

Right ................................................................................138

4.1.1. Human Rights Should Reflect a Fundamentally Important

Social Value ...................................................................146

4.2.2. Human rights should be consistent with, but not merely

repetitive of, the existing body of international human

rights law........................................................................151

4.4.3. Human Rights should be sufficiently precise as to give rise

to identifiable rights and obligations..............................153

VII

4.4.4. Human Rights should be compatible or at least not clearly

incompatible with the general practice of states ............168

4.4.5. Human Rights should be eligible for recognition on the

grounds that it is an interpretation of UN Charter

obligations......................................................................173

4.5. CONCLUSION..................................................................179

CHAPTER 5:

DEVELOPING NATIONAL IDP LAWS AND POLICIES ON

PROTECTION FROM ARBITRARY DISPLACEMENT:

REFLECTIONS OF REALITY WITH CASE STUDIES

5.1. Introduction........................................................................182

5.2. The Significance of National Frameworks ........................184

5.3. PART-I: An Overview of National Approaches to the

Prevention of Internal Displacement .................................187

5.3.1. Varieties in the development of national IDP laws and

policies...........................................................................187

5.3.2. The ways to address the Prevention of arbitrary

displacement in adopted national IDP Instruments........191

5.3.3. Strengthening the Prevention of Arbitrary Displacement

with Different Formats of

Instruments.....................................................................204

5.4. Part-II: Reflection of the Implementation with Case

Studies................................................................................207

5.4.1. The case of Colombia.....................................................208

5.4.2. The Problem of Forced Displacement in Colombia And Its

Context...........................................................................209

5.4.3. Colombian Law on Internal Displacement and Its

Relevance to the Prevention of Forced

Displacement..................................................................211

5.4.4. Limitations of the Implementation on the Colombian IDPLaw regarding the Prevention of

Displacement..................................................................216

5.4.5. The Contribution of the Constitutional Court of Colombia

to the Prevention of Displacement in Colombian

Government Policies......................................................220

5.4.5.1.The Constitutional Court’s rights-based

approach for the effective enjoyment of IDP’s

fundamental rights......................................222

VIII

5.4.5.2.The Constitutional Court’s interpretation of

Colombia’s responsibility in the prevention of

displacement and its contribution to the InterAmerican Court decisions..........................227

5.4.6. The case of Kenya..........................................................234

5.4.7. Overview of Internal Displacement in Kenya................235

5.4.8. Legal and Policy Frameworks for Protection of IDP-rights

in Kenya .........................................................................237

5.4.9. A Comparative Assessment of the Kenya’s National IDP

Frameworks (IDP Act - Draft IDP Policy).....................239

5.4.10. Kenya’s obligation to prevent arbitrary displacement under

the 2012 IDP Act and 2010 Draft National Policy.........243

5.4.11. Limitations of the Implementation on the Kenyan IDPLaw Regarding the Prevention of

Displacement..................................................................252

5.5. CONCLUSION..................................................................256

CHAPTER 6:

CONCLUSION, CONTRIBUTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW

6.1. Contributions..................................................................266

BIBILIOGRAPHY ...............................................................275