Introduction To Turkish Law
Basım Tarihi
2016-11
Sayfa Sayısı
424
Kapak Türü
Karton
Kağıt Türü
1. Hamur
Basım Yeri
Ankara
Stok Kodu
9789750240188
Boyut
15,5X23,5
Baskı
1
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI
Konu Başlıkları
| - | Fundamental Elements Of Turkish Constitutional Law, Res. Asst. Feyzan Özbay, Res. Asst. Sezen Kama |
| - | Human Rights Protection From The Perspective Of The 1982 Constitution, Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat Tümay, Res. Asst. Feyzan Özbay, Res. Asst. Sezen Kama |
| - | Turkish Administrative Law, Res. Asst. Dr. Halil Altındağ, Res. Asst. Ömer Faruk Erol, Res. Asst. Emre Kılıç |
| - | Turkish Administrative Jurisdiction, Res. Asst. Dr. Halil Altındağ, Res. Asst. İ. Esra Dülger Sucu, Res. Asst. Kasım Ocak |
| - | Turkish Criminal Law And Criminal Procedure Law, Prof. Dr. Dr. H.C. Hakan Hakeri |
| - | Turkish Tax Law, Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan Artun, Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah Geçer, Res. Asst. Arzu Kalyon |
| - | Public İnternational Law, Asst. Prof. Dr. Tülay YİLDİRİM Res. Asst. Miray Azaklı Köse |
| - | Turkish Legal History, Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha Okur Gümrükçüoğlu |
| - | Turkish Philosophy Of Law And Sociology Of Law, Res. Asst. Ercan Er |
| - | Turkish Civil Law, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit Gezder, Res. Asst. Yasin Büyük, Res. Asst. M. Hasanali Akay, Res. Asst. Melike Ergün |
| - | Turkish Individual Labour Law, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Res. Asst. Ömer Uğur |
| - | Turkish Collective Labour Law, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail Çekiç |
| - | Turkish Social Security Law, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Res. Asst. Ebru Karabacak |
| - | Turkish Law On Occupational Health And Safety, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit Korkusuz |
| - | Law Of Commercial Enterprise, Res. Asst. Emin Çamurcu |
| - | Turkish Company Law, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İpekel Kayacı |
| - | Turkish Law Of Negotiable Instruments, Res. Asst. Hasan Onur Akay |
| - | Turkish Maritime Law, Asst. Prof. Dr. Haci Kara |
| - | Turkish Insurance Law, Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Bariş Günay |
| - | Turkish Intellectual Property Law, Res. Asst. Dr. Özgür Arıkan |
| - | Turkish Civil Procedure Law, Res. Asst. Elif Irmak Kılıç |
| - | Turkish Execution Law, Res. Asst. Nefise Gökçen Gürcan |
| - | Turkish Bankruptcy And Insolvency Law, Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif Gül |
| - | Turkish Private International La, Res. Asst. Kazım Çınar |
İÇİNDEKİLER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11
PUBLIC LAW
CHAPTER 1:
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Res. Asst. Feyzan ÖZBAY, Res. Asst. Sezen KAMA 35
INTRODUCTION 35
SECTION I: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TURKISH CONSTITUTIONALIST MOVEMENT 36
SECTION II: THE LEGISLATURE 39
I. The Composition of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey 39
A. Eligibility Criteria d to Become a Deputy 40
B. Parliamentary Privileges 41
II. Functions and Powers of the GNAT 42
A. Enacting Laws 43
B. Parliamentary Oversight 43
SECTION III THE EXECUTIVE 45
I. Elements of the Executive 45
A. President 45
B. The Prime Minister (PM) 46
C. The Council of Ministers (The CoM) 47
II. Legal Status 48
A. Privileges and Immunities 48
B. Ministerial Responsibility 48
1. Political Responsibility 49
2. Criminal Responsibility 49
3. Legal Responsibility 49
SECTION IV THE JUDICIARY 50
I. Organization of the Judiciary 50
A. Judicial (Civil and Criminal) Courts 50
B. Administrative and Tax Courts 51
C. Military Courts 52
D. The Constitutional Court 52
E. The Court of Accounts 53
II. Judicial Independence 54
A. Independence of Judges 54
B. Tenure of Judges 54
C. Principle of Natural Judge 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY 56
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY, Res. Asst. Feyzan ÖZBAY, Res. Asst. Sezen KAMA 57
I. General Constitutional Framework 57
II. Limitations to Fundamental Rights 59
II. Derogations to Human Rights 60
III. Individual Application to the Constitutional Court 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY 64
CHAPTER 3
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Res. Asst. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ, Res. Asst. Ömer Faruk EROL,
Res. Asst. Emre KILIÇ 65
I. Turkish Administrative Organization 65
A. Central Administration 66
1. President of the Republic 66
a. Election 66
b. Duties and Powers 67
2. Council of Ministers 68
B. Decentralization 68
1. Territorial Decentralization (Local Administrations) 68
a. Special Provincial Administration (İl Özel İdaresi) 69
aa. General Provincial Council (İl Genel Meclisi) 70
ab. Provincial Executive Committee (İl Encümeni) 70
ac. Governor (Vali) 70
b. Municipality (Belediye) 70
ba. Municipal Council (Belediye Meclisi) 71
bb. Municipal Executive Committee (Belediye Encümeni) 71
bc. The Mayor (Belediye Başkanı) 72
c. Metropolitan Municipality (Büyükşehir Belediyesi) 72
d. Village Administration (Köy İdaresi) 73
2. Decentralization Based on Services 74
a. Institutions of Higher Education (Yüksek Öğretim Kurumları) 74
b. Regulatory and Supervision Agencies (Düzenleyici ve Denetleyici Kurumlar) 74
c. Professional Organizations Having the Characteristics of Public Institution (Kamu Kurumu Niteliğindeki Meslek Kuruluşları) 74
d. Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) 75
II. Activities of Administration 75
A. Public Services 75
B. Administrative Police 76
III. Powers of Administration 77
A. Administrative Acts 77
1. Administrative Regulations 78
2. Individual Administrative Acts 78
B. Administrative Contracts 78
C. Administrative Actions 79
D. Law on Public Procurement 79
1. Basic Legislation on Public Procurement 80
2. Procurement Procedures 81
a. The Law No 2886 81
b. The Law No 4734 82
3. Objection to Procurement 82
a. Complaint Application to the Contracting Authority (Şikayet) 83
b. Appeal Application to the Public Procurement Authority (İtirazen Şikayet) 83
E. Administrative Sanctions 83
1. Definition of Administrative Sanction and Primary Legislation 83
2. Basic Principles Regarding Administrative Sanctions 84
3. Judicial Review of Administrative Sanctions 84
BIBLIOGRAPHY 86
CHAPTER 4
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
Res. Asst. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ, Res. Asst. İ. Esra Dülger SUCU,
Res. Asst. Kasım OCAK 87
I. General 87
II. Organization of Administrative Jurisdiction 87
A. Council of State 88
B. High Military Administrative Court 89
C. Regional Administrative Courts 89
D. Administrative Courts 89
E. Tax Courts 89
III. Administrative Litigation 90
A. Action for Annulment 90
B. Action of Full Jurisdiction 91
IV. Suspension of Execution 92
V. Time Limit to Bring a Case 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY 94
CHAPTER 5
TURKISH CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hakan HAKERİ 95
I. INTRODUCTION 95
II. GENERAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE 96
III. SPECIAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE (CRIMES) 100
IV. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY 108
CHAPTER 6
TURKISH TAX LAW
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN, Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER,
Res. Asst. Arzu KALYON 109
SECTION I GENERAL TAX LAW 109
I. DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES OF THE TAX LAW 109
A. Definition of Tax Law 109
B. Sources of Tax Law 109
1. Binding Sources of Tax Law 110
a. The Constitution 110
b. Tax Codes 111
c. International Tax Treaties 111
d. Statutory Decrees 111
e. Other Binding Sources 111
2. Non–binding Sources of Tax Law 112
II. TAXATION PROCESS 112
A. Taxable Event 113
B. Assessment of Tax 113
1. Complementary Tax Assessment 114
2. Ex– Officio Tax Assessment 114
3. Tax Assessment by the Administration 114
C. Notification of Tax 114
D. Accrual of Tax 115
E. Collection of Tax 115
III. TAX OFFENCES 115
A. General 115
B. Tax Misdemeanors 116
1. Irregularity Misdemeanors 116
2. Tax Loss Misdemeanors 117
C. Tax Crimes 117
1. Tax Evasion 117
2. Breach of Tax Secrecy 117
3. Conducting Personal Affairs of Taxpayers 118
IV. TAX PROCEDURE LAW 118
A. General 118
B. Tax–Related Courts 119
1. Tax Courts 120
2. Regional Administrative Courts 120
3. The Council of State 120
C. Tax Trial Procedure 121
V. TAX ENFORCEMENT LAW 123
A. General 123
B. Compulsory Execution Proceeding 123
C. Measures of Conservation 124
1. Pre–emptive Right 124
2. Request for a Guarantee 124
3. Precautionary Accrual (İhtiyati Tahakkuk) 125
4. Precautionary Attachment (İhtiyati Haciz) 125
5. Nullity Proceedings 126
VI. INTERNATIONAL TAX LAW 126
A. General 126
B. States’ Jurisdiction to Tax 127
C. Legal Nature of International Tax Treaties in Turkish Law 127
D. The Notion of Double Taxation 128
E. The Issue of Double Non–Taxation: Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance 129
SECTION II TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM 130
I. DIRECT TAXATION 130
A. Income Tax for Real Persons 130
B. Corporate Tax 131
1. Thin Capitalization 131
2. Transfer Pricing 132
II. Indirect Taxation 132
A. Value Added Tax 132
B. Stamp Tax 133
C. Motor Vehicles Tax 134
D. Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax (BITT) 134
E. Gambling Tax 134
F. Inheritance and Gift Tax 134
G. Property Tax 135
H. Special Communication Tax 135
İ. Customs Tax 135
J. Fees 135
K. Special Consumption Tax 135
BIBLIOGRAPHY 136
CHAPTER 7
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM, Res. Asst. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE 137
SECTION I USE OF FORCE BY STATES 137
I. The Prohibition on the Use of Force 137
II. The Right of Self–Defense 139
III. The Scope of Self–Defense 140
IV. AnticipatoryPre–Emptive Self–Defense 141
V. Collective Self–Defense 142
VI. Humanitarian Intervention 143
VII. The Responsibility to Protect 144
VIII. The Use of Force Under Chapter VII of the Charter 145
SECTION II INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY 147
I. The Source of Responsibility: The Internationally Wrongful Act of A State 148
A. Attribution of Conduct to A State 148
B. Breach of an International Obligation 149
C. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness 149
1. Consent 150
2. Self–Defense 150
3. Countermeasures 150
4. Force–majeure and Distress 151
5. Necessity 151
II. Consequences of an Internationally Wrongful Act 152
A. Restitution 152
B. Compensation 153
C. Satisfaction 153
III. Serious Breaches of Obligations Under Peremptory Norms 153
BIBLIOGRAPHY 154
CHAPTER 8
TURKISH LEGAL HISTORY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha Okur GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU 155
I. General 155
II. Historical Development of Turkish Law 155
A. Turkish Law before Islam 155
B. Turkish Law after Islam 156
1. Islamic Law 156
2. Legal Schools in Islamic Law 157
3. Ottoman Law 157
a. The Ottoman Judicial System 158
b. The Ottoman Judical System after Tanzimat 159
BIBLIOGRAPHY 160
CHAPTER 9
TURKISH PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Res. Asst. Ercan ER 161
SECTION I NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 161
I. Nature of Philosophy of Law 161
II. Importance of Philosophy of Law 162
A. Theoretical Importance of Philosophy of Law 162
B. Practical Importance of Philosophy of Law 163
SECTION II MAIN IDEOLOGIES WHICH DETERMINE THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 164
I. Theories Embodied by Moral Content of Law 164
II. Theories Embodied by Normativity of Law 164
III. Theories Embodied by Social Facts Determining Law 165
BIBLIOGRAPHY 166
PRIVATE LAW
CHAPTER 10
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER, Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK,
Res. Asst. M. Hasanali AKAY, Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 169
I. HISTORY 169
II. INTRODUCTION 170
III. LAW OF PERSONS 170
A. Beginning and End of Personality: 171
B. Ability to be Subject of the Rights and Obligations: 171
C. Capacity to Act: 171
1. Full Capacity (Art. 9–13) 172
2. Full Incapacity (Art. 15) 172
3. Limited Capacity (Art. 16) 173
IV. FAMILY LAW 173
A. Engagement 174
B. Marriage 174
1. Formalities of Marriage 174
2. Marriage Impediments (TCC Art. 129–133) 175
C. Divorce 176
V. LAW OF SUCCESSION 177
A. Forced Heirs 177
1. Wills and Testamentary Contracts 177
VI. PROPERTY LAW 178
A. Generally 178
1. Property Right 178
B. Immovable property 178
C. Real Rights (Rights in Rem) 179
1. Limited Rights in rem 179
a. Servitudes 179
b. Real burdens 179
ba. Lien 179
bb. Mortgage 179
D. Possession 180
E. Land register 180
VII. TURKISH OBLIGATION LAW – GENERAL PROVISIONS 180
A. Contracts 181
1. Capacity to Contract 181
2. Formation of the Contract 181
3. Conditions of Validity 182
a. Immorality 182
b. Public Order 182
c. Imperative Rules 183
d. Personal Rights 183
e. Impossibility 183
4. Form of the Contract 183
5. Genuineness of Assent 184
a. Mistake 184
b. Fraud 185
c. Coercion 185
B. Torts 185
1. General 185
2. Conditions 185
3. Compensation 186
C. Unjust Enrichment 186
VIII. SPECIAL PROVISIONS 186
A. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTS THAT ARE REGULATED BY SPECIAL PROVISIONS 186
1. Classification of contracts by their subject and purpose. 186
a. Sales Contracts 186
b. Barter Contracts 187
c. Donation Contracts 187
d. Other types of contracts 187
da. Rental Contracts 187
db. Contract of Loan of an Object for Use and Contract of Loan of an Object for Consume 187
e. Contracts of bailment 188
f. Contracts of guarantee 188
2. Contracts that are not regulated in the Code 188
a. Combined Contracts 188
b. Mixed Contracts 188
BIBLIOGRAPHY 189
CHAPTER 11
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ömer UĞUR 191
SECTION I GENERAL 191
I. Basic Concepts of Individual Labour Law 191
SECTION II TYPES OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 193
I. General 193
II. Transitory and Continual Contract of Employment 193
A. Transitory Contract of Employment 193
B. Continual Contract of Employment 193
C. Results of the Division 194
III. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term and Definite Term 194
A. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term 194
B. Contract of Employment with Definite Term 194
1. Legal ments of the Contract of Employment with Definite Term 195
IV. Part Time and Full Time Contract of Employment 196
V. Contract of Employment with Trial Clause 196
SECTION III TERMINATION OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 198
III. Situations that Terminates the Contract of Employment 198
A. Mutual Rescission 198
B. End of the Fixed Term 198
C. Death 199
II. Termination of the Contract of Employment with Notice 199
A. General 199
B. Termination Notice Periods 199
C. Pay in Lieu of Notice 200
III. Termination of the Contract of Employment with Notice that Contains a Valid Ground 201
A. General 201
B. Valid Grounds for Termination 201
C. Reemployment Lawsuit 202
IV. Rightful Termination of the Contract of Employment 202
A. General 203
B. Termination of Contract by Employees 203
1. Health issues 203
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 203
3. Act of providence 204
C. Termination of Contract by Employers 205
1. Health issues 205
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 205
3. Act of providence 206
4. Absence of employee due to arrestmentcustody 207
BIBLIOGRAPHY 208
CHAPTER 12
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ 209
SECTION I GENERAL INFORMATION 209
SECTION II TRADE UNIONS 211
I. General 211
A. Definition and Formation 211
B. Membership 212
C. Organs 212
II. Freedom of Association 213
A. Aspects of the Freedom of Association 213
B. Individual Freedom of Association 213
1. “Positive” Freedom of Association 213
2. “Negative” Freedom of Association 213
C. Collective Freedom of Association 214
III. Protection 214
A. Protection of workers’ trade union management (İşçi kuruluşu yöneticiliğinin güvencesi) 214
B. Protection of shop stewards (İşyeri sendika temsilciliğinin güvencesi) 214
C. Guarantee of freedom of trade union 214
1. Discrimination During Employment 215
2. Discrimination Regarding Working Conditions 215
3. Discrimination Regarding Termination 215
IV. Dissolution of Trade Unions 215
SECTION III COLLECTIVE LABOUR AGREEMENT 216
I. General 216
A. Types of CLA 216
1. Workplace CLA 216
2. Management CLA 216
3. Group CLA 217
B. CLA Capacity and Power 217
C. Collective Bargaining Process (Toplu Görüşme Süreci) 218
1. Invitation to Collective Bargaining 218
2. Commencement and Period of Collective Bargaining 218
3. Disputes During Collective Bargaining 218
D. Strike and Lock–Out 219
1. General 219
2. Lawful Strike and Lock–Out 219
3. Strike Vote 220
4. Prohibitions of Strikes and Lock–Outs 220
5. Execution of Strike and Lock–Out 220
6. Effects of a Lawful StrikeLock–Out on Contracts of Employment 221
7. Consequences of an Unlawful StrikeLock–Out 221
8. Decision to End a StrikeLock–Out 221
BIBLIOGRAPHY 223
CHAPTER 13
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ebru KARABACAK 225
I. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL INSURANCE 225
II. TECHNIQUES USED FOR SOCIAL INSURANCE 225
II. QUALIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL INSURANCE 226
IV. THE SOCIAL INSURANCE INSTITUTION 227
V. FINANCING OF SOCIAL SECURITY 228
VI. INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE CONSIDERED TO BE INSURED 229
A. Insurance of Individuals Working Dependently 229
1. Individuals who are considered to be fully insured 229
2. Individuals who are considered to be partially insured 229
B. Insurance of Independent Workers 230
C. Insurance of Public Servants 230
VII. INDIVIDUALS NOT DEEMED TO BE INSURANCE HOLDERS 230
VIII. TYPES OF SOCIAL INSURANCE 231
A. Work Accident and Occupational Diseases Insurance 231
B. Illness Insurance 232
C. Maternity Insurance 233
D. Disability Insurance 233
E. Old–Age Insurance 234
F. Survivors’ Insurance 235
G. Unemployment Insurance 235
H. General Health Insurance 236
IX. PERSONAL RETIREMENT 236
X. SOCIAL ASSISTANCES AND SERVICES 236
BIBLIOGRAPHY 238
CHAPTER 14
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 239
SECTION I TASKS OF THE STATE 239
I. Importance of Ensuring Occupational Health and Safety 239
II. Constitutional Basis of Occupational Health and Safety 239
III. Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 240
IV. National Council of Occupational Health and Safety 240
V. Insurance Premium Reinforcement System 240
VI. Inspection of Occupational Health and Safety 240
SECTION II EMPLOYERS’ DUTIES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSITE 241
I. Employers’ Duties 241
A. Duty to Take All Necessary Precautions 241
B. Duty to Supervise 241
C. Duty of Training and Informing 241
D. Duty to Perform Risk Assessment 242
E. Duty to Perform Healthcare Supervision 242
F. Duty to Report Work Accident and Record Keeping 243
G. Other Duties 243
II. Organization of the Worksite about Occupational Health and Safety 243
A. Committee of Occupational Health and Safety (İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulu) 243
B. Occupational Safety Experts (İş Güvenliği Uzmanları) 244
C. Occupational Physicians (İşyeri Hekimleri) 244
D. Worksite Health and Safety Unit (İşyeri Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) and Health and Safety Joint Unit (Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) 245
SECTION III EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 246
I. Employees’ Rights 246
A. Right to Abstain from Work 246
B. Right to Participate 247
C. Right to File a Complaint to Administrative Authorities (İhbar Hakkı) 247
D. Right to Terminate the Employment Contract with Valid Reason 248
II. Employees’ Duties 248
SECTION IV OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANCTIONS 250
I. Administrative Sanctions 250
A. Administrative Fines 250
B. Suspension of the work 250
C. Disqualification from tendering 251
II. Penal Sanctions 251
III. Legal Sanctions 251
BIBLIOGRAPHY 252
CHAPTER 15
LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
Res. Asst. Emin ÇAMURCU 253
SECTION I COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 254
I. Elements of Commercial Enterprise 254
A. Aiming to Produce an Income Higher Than the Artisan Enterprise 254
B. Continuity 254
C. Independence 255
II. Contracts Related with Commercial Enterprises 255
SECTION II NOTIONS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 256
I. MERCHANT 256
A. Identifying a Merchant 256
1. Natural Persons 256
2. Legal Persons 256
B. Consequences of Being a Merchant 257
1. Bankruptcy 257
2. Role of Commercial Usage and Custom 258
3. Impossibility to Request Reduction of the FeeContractual Penalty 258
4. Right to Demand Payment of a Remuneration and Interest 258
II. Commercial Affair (Ticari İş) 258
A. Presumption of Commercial Affair 259
B. Consequences of Qualifying an Affair as Commercial Affair 260
1. Presumption of Joint Liability 260
2. Interest in Commercial Affairs 260
3. Statute of Limitation Periods in Commercial Affairs 261
II. Commercial Clauses 261
IV. Merchant Assistants 263
A. Commercial Representative (Ticari Temsilci) 263
B. Commercial Delegate (Ticari Vekil) 264
C. Agent (Acente) 265
BIBLIOGRAPHY 267
CHAPTER 16
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 269
SECTION I OVERVIEW OF COMPANY LAW IN TURKEY 269
I. GENERAL 269
II. COMMERCIAL COMPANIES 270
SECTION II CAPITAL COMPANIES 272
I. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES 272
A. General Assembly 273
B. Board of Directors 277
C. Shareholders’ Rights 279
1. Personal Rights of the Shareholders 279
a. Right of participation in the GM: 279
b. Right to vote: 280
c. Right to information and examination: 280
d. Right to request the appointment of special audit: 281
e. Right to request the nullity of GM resolutions: 281
2. Financial Rights of the Shareholders 282
D. Share Transfer 282
II. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES 282
A. General Assembly 284
B. Directors 286
C. Share Transfer 287
BIBLIOGRAPHY 289
CHAPTER 17
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Res. Asst. Hasan Onur AKAY 291
SECTION I GENERAL 291
I. Definition and Legislation 291
II. Elements and Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 292
A. Elements of Negotiable Instruments 292
B. Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 292
III. Classification of Negotiable Instruments 293
A. Classification Based on the Right Embodied in the Instrument 293
1. Instruments Embodying a Monetary Claim (Alacak Senetleri) 293
2. Commodity Instruments (Emtia Senetleri) 293
3. Equity/Share Instruments (Pay Senetleri) 293
4. Instruments That Serve to Participate in Capital Companies (Ortaklığa Katılma Senetleri) 294
5. Combined Instruments (Karma Nitelikli Senetler) 294
B. Classification Based on the Transfer Procedure of the Instrument 294
1. Registered Negotiable Instruments (Nama Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 294
2. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Order (Emre Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 295
3. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Bearer (Hamile/Hamiline Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 295
SECTION II COMMERCIAL PAPERS 296
I. General 296
II. Bills of Exchange 296
A. Form of a Bill of Exchange 296
B. Transfer of Bills of Exchange 297
C. Acceptance (Kabul) 299
D. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 300
E. Period of Limitation 300
III. Promissory Notes 300
A. General 300
B. Form of a Promissory Note 301
C. Period of Limitation 301
IV. Checks 302
A. General 302
B. Form of a Check 302
C. Period of Presentation 304
D. Transfer of Checks 304
E. Recourse for Non–Payment 305
F. Period of Limitation 305
BIBLIOGRAPHY 306
CHAPTER 18
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 307
SECTION I SOURCES OF THE TURKISH MARITIME LAW 307
I. General 307
II. Provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code That Are Related With Maritime Commerce 308
SECTION II SHIP AND OWNERSHIP OF SHIP 309
I. Vessel (Ship) 309
A. Definition and Legal Nature 309
1. Definition 309
2. Legal Nature 309
B. Ship’s Register 309
1. National Ship’s Register 310
a. The ships which can lawfully be registered in the Ship’s Register 310
b. The Ships which cannot be registered in the Ship’s Register 310
2. Turkish International Ship’s Register 310
II. Exercitor Navis and Operator 311
A. Exercitor Navis (Donatan) 311
B. Ship Operator (Disponent Owner) 311
SECTION III MASTER 312
SECTION IV MARITIME COMMERCE CONTRACTS 313
I. Bareboat Charter Party 313
II. Time Charter Party 313
III. Contract Of Affreightment 313
A. Definition and Types of Affreightment Contracts 314
1. Definition 314
2. Types 314
a. Voyage Charter (Sefer Çarteri) 314
aa. Full Charter (Tam Çarter) 314
ab. Partial Charter (Kısmi Çarter) 314
b. Contracts in Liner Shipping (Kırkambar Sözleşmesi) 314
B. Persons Involved in the Affreightment Contract 314
1. Carrier 314
2. Charterer 315
3. Shipper 315
4. Consignee (Receiver) 315
C. Liability of the Carrier 315
1. Duration for Which the Carrier is Liable 315
2. Duration for Acceptance of Delay and the Loss of Goods 316
IV. Contract of Carriage of Passengers 316
SECTION V MARINE ACCIDENTS 317
I. General Average 317
II. Collision 317
III. Salvage 317
SECTION VI MARITIME LIENS AND ENFORCEMENT 318
I. Maritime Liens 318
II. Maritime Enforcement 318
SECTION VII LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION OF LOSSES ARISING FROM OIL POLLUTION 321
I. Liability for Sea Pollution 321
II. Limitation of Liability 321
BIBLIOGRAPHY 322
CHAPTER 19
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Barış GÜNAY 325
SECTION I INTRODUCTION 325
SECTION II THE INSURANCE ACT (LAW NO. 5684) 327
I. Insurance and Reinsurance Companies (Sigorta ve Reasürans Şirketleri) 327
II. Intermediaries (Sigorta Aracıları) 327
III. Supervision 328
IV. Assurance Account (Güvence Hesabı) 328
V. Insurance Arbitration Scheme (Sigorta Tahkim Sistemi) 328
SECTION III INSURANCE CONTRACTS 330
I. General Provisions 330
A. Obligations and Duties of the Insurer 331
1. Obligation to carry the risk 331
2. Pre–contractual information duty 331
3. Obligation to issue and deliver policy 332
4. Obligation to pay expenses 332
5. Obligation to pay indemnity 332
B. Obligations and Duties of the Insured 332
1. Obligation to pay premium 332
2. Duty of disclosure 333
3. Duty to Provide Information and to Allow Investigation 333
4. Duty to Prevent LossIncrease in Loss 333
II. Special Provisions 334
A. Indemnity Insurances (Zarar Sigortaları) 334
1. Property Insurance (Mal Sigortası) 334
2. Liability Insurance (Sorumluluk Sigortası) 334
B. Personal Insurances (Can Sigortaları) 335
1. Life Insurance (Hayat Sigortası) 335
2. Accident Insurance (Kaza Sigortası) 335
3. Sickness Insurance and Health Insurance (Hastalık ve Sağlık Sigortası) 335
BIBLIOGRAPHY 336
CHAPTER 20
TURKISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Res. Asst. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 337
SECTION I Trade Mark Law 338
I. Definition and Registrability of Trade Mark 338
II. Functions of Trade Mark 339
III. Registration of Trade Mark 339
IV. Absolute and Relative Grounds for Refusal 340
V. Trade Mark Protection 343
VI. Duration of Trade Mark Registration 344
SECTION II Patent Law 345
I. Patentability 345
II. Registration, Grant and Ownership of Patent 346
III. Employee Inventions 347
IV. Duration 348
V. Protection of Patent 348
VI. Infringement of Patent Rights 349
BIBLIOGRAPHY 350
CHAPTER 21
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
Res. Asst. Elif Irmak KILIÇ 351
I. General 351
II. Competence and Venue: Where to Commence an Action 352
A. Jurisdictional Branches and Court Organization 352
B. Competence and Venue 352
III. LAWSUIT 355
A. General 355
B. Parties 355
C. Phases of a Lawsuit 357
1. Exchange of Petitions (Pleading) Phase (Dilekçeler Aşaması) 357
2. Preliminary Investigation Phase (Ön İnceleme Aşaması) 358
3. Investigation Phase (Tahkikat) 359
4. Oral Hearings and Rendering of the Verdict (Sözlü Yargılama ve Hükmün Verilmesi) 360
IV. Interim Measures (Geçici Hukuki Korumalar) 360
V. Legal Remedies 361
A. General 361
B. Appeal Procedure After the Launch Date of Regional Courts of Appeal (Provisions in the CCP Law No. 6100) 362
BIBLIOGRAPHY 365
CHAPTER 22
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
Res. Asst. Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN 367
I. General 367
II. Scope of Application 368
III. Basic Concepts and Organization of Turkish Execution Law 368
A. Credit–Debt and Creditor–Debtor in the EBC 368
B. The Executive Organization 369
1. Execution Offices (Art. 1 EBC) (İcra Daireleri) 369
2. Execution Courts (Art. 4 EBC) (İcra Mahkemeleri) 369
3. Relevant Chambers of the Supreme Court 371
IV. Complaint Procedure (Art. 16 – 18 EBC) (Şikayet) 371
A. Legal Character and Function of the Complaint Procedure 371
B. Grounds for Complaint 372
1. Unlawfulness of the Execution Offices’ Actions 372
2. Inappropriateness of the Act to the Circumstances 372
3. Failure to Implement a Right 373
4. Impediment of Observance of a Right Without a Cause 373
C. Procedure 373
1. Limitation Period 374
2. Competence and Venue 374
V. Types of Execution Procedures 374
A. General 374
B. General Attachment Procedure (Art. 46–144 EBC) (Genel Haciz Yoluyla Takip) 375
1. Request for Execution (Art. 58 EBC) (Takip Talebi) 375
2. Order of Payment (Art. 60–61 EBC) (Ödeme Emri) 376
3. Attachment (Art. 78 et seq. EBC) 376
4. Sale of the Attached Goods (Art. 106–137 EBC) 377
5. Reimbursement of the Creditor (Art. 138–144/a EBC) 378
VI. Provisional Attachment Procedure (İhtiyati Haciz) 378
A. General 378
B. Definition and Legal Character of Provisional Attachment 378
C. Conditions of Provisional Attachment 379
1. Provisional Attachment for Due Debts 379
2. Provisional Attachment for Deferred Debts 380
D. Procedure 380
BIBLIOGRAPHY 382
CHAPTER 23
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY LAW
Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif GÜL 383
I. Turkish Bankruptcy Law 383
A. General 383
B. Bankruptcy Bodies 384
1. Official Bodies 384
a. Fundamental Official Bodies 384
aa. Execution Office 384
ab. Bankruptcy Office 385
ac. Execution Court 385
ad. Commercial Court of First Instance 385
ae. Court of Appeal 386
b. Subsidiary Official Bodies 386
2. Non–Official Bodies 386
C. Grounds for Bankruptcy 386
II. Turkish Insolvency Law 387
A. Postponement of Bankruptcy (İflâsın Ertelenmesi) 387
1. Grounds for Postponement of Bankruptcy 388
a. Procedural Grounds 388
aa. Declaration of Over–indebtedness 388
ab. Request for Postponement of Bankruptcy 388
ac. Submission of the Balance–Sheet 388
ad. Submission of the Rehabilitation Project 389
ae. Payment of the Costs in Advance 389
af. Not to Have Availed of the Extraordinary Grace Period (Fevkalâde Mühlet) 389
b. Substantive Grounds 389
ba. Over–indebtedness 389
bb. Hope to Ensure the Continuance of the Company 390
bc. Protection of Creditors’ Rights 390
B. Reorganisation (Konkordato) 390
1. Ordinary Reorganisation (Adî Konkordato) 391
a. Reorganisation outside Bankruptcy (İflâs Dışı Konkordato) 391
aa. Reorganisation Proposal 391
ab. Examination of the Reorganisation Proposal 391
ac. Respite for Concordat 391
ad. Results of the Respite for Concordat 392
ae. Annulment of the Respite for Concordat 392
af. Creditors’ Meeting 393
ag. Approval of the Reorganisation Project 393
ah. Annulment of the Reorganisation Project 394
b. Reorganisation within Bankruptcy (İflâs İçi Konkordato) 394
2. Reorganisation by way of Abandonment of the Debtor’s Assets (Malvarlığının Terki Suretiyle Konkordato) 395
C. Restructuring of Capital Stock Companies and Cooperatives by Way of Conciliation (Sermaye Şirketleri ve Kooperatiflerin Uzlaşma Yoluyla Yeniden Yapılandırılması) 396
III. Action for Rescission of Disposition – Actio Pauliana (Tasarrufun İptali Davası) 398
BIBLIOGRAPHY 400
CHAPTER 24
TURKISH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
Res. Asst. Kazım ÇINAR 403
SECTION I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 403
SECTION II CONFLICT OF LAWS 405
I. General Issues 405
II. Conflict of Law Provisions 406
SECTION III INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 410
I. Jurisdictional Immunity 410
II. International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts 411
III. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 412
IV. International Arbitration 413
SECTION IV TURKISH CITIZENSHIP LAW 415
I. General 415
II. Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship 415
III. Loss of Turkish Citizenship 417
A. Loss of Turkish citizenship by decision of the competent authority 417
B. Loss of Turkish Citizenship by the use of the right of choice 418
SECTION V LAW OF FOREIGNERS 420
I. General 420
II. Residence Permit 421
III. Work Permit 421
IV. Possession of Land in Turkey 422
BIBLIOGRAPHY 424
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