Turkish Private Law
Basım Tarihi
2018-06
Sayfa Sayısı
360
Kapak Türü
Karton
Kağıt Türü
1.Hamur
Basım Yeri
Ankara
Stok Kodu
9789750248825
Boyut
16x24
Baskı
8
Dili
İngilizce
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ
Assoc. prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI
Konu Başlıkları
| - | Civil Law |
| - | Labour Law |
| - | Company Law |
| - | Maritime Law |
| - | Insurance Law |
| - | Intellectual Property Law |
| - | Competition Law |
| - | Civil Procedure Law |
| - | Private International Law |
İÇİNDEKİLER
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Chapter 1
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER, Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK, Res. Asst. M. Hasanali AKAY
Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 37
Chapter 2
TURKISH PROPERTY LAW
Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER 57
Chapter 3
SELECTED CONTRACTS IN TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS
Res. Asst. Hasanali AKAY, Res. Asst. Murat UÇAK 77
Chapter 4
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ömer UĞUR 109
Chapter 5
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ,
Res. Asst. Didem YALÇINTAŞ 137
Chapter 6
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ebru KARABACAK 159
Chapter 7
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 207
Chapter 8
LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
Res. Asst. Emin ÇAMURCU 221
Chapter 9
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 237
Chapter 10
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Res. Asst. Hasan Onur AKAY 259
Chapter 11
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 277
Chapter 12
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Barış GÜNAY, Res. Asst. Sena YAZICI 337
Chapter 13
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 355
Chapter 14
TURKISH COMPETITION LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 375
Chapter 15
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
Res. Asst. Elif Irmak BÜYÜK 401
Chapter 16
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN, Res. Asst. Çağatay Serdar ŞAHİN 435
Chapter 17
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY LAW
Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif GÜL 453
Chapter 18
TURKISH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
Res. Asst. Kazım ÇINAR 475
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11
Chapter 1
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER, Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK, Res. Asst. M. Hasanali AKAY
Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 37
I. History 37
II. Introduction 38
III. Law of Persons 38
A. Beginning and End of Personality: 39
B. Ability to be Subject of the Rights and Obligations: 39
C. Capacity to Act: 40
1. Full Capacity (Art. 9–13 TCC) 40
2. Full Incapacity (Art. 15 TCC) 41
3. Limited Capacity (Art. 16 TCC) 41
IV. Family Law 42
A. Engagement 42
B. Marriage 42
1. Formalities of Marriage 43
2. Marriage Impediments (Art. 129–133 TCC) 43
C. Divorce 44
V. Law of Succession 45
A. Forced Heirs 46
1. Wills and Testamentary Contracts 46
VI. Turkish Obligation Law – General Provisions 47
A. Contracts 47
1. Capacity to Contract 48
2. Formation of the Contract 48
3. Conditions of Validity 49
a. Immorality 49
b. Public Order 49
c. Imperative Rules 49
d. Personal Rights 50
e. Impossibility 50
4. Form of the Contract 50
5. Genuineness of Assent 51
a. Mistake 51
b. Fraud 52
c. Coercion 52
B. Torts 52
1. General 52
2. Conditions 52
3. Compensation 53
C. Unjust Enrichment 53
VII. Special Provisions 53
A. Classification of Contracts That Are Regulated By Special Provisions 54
1. Classification of contracts by their subject and purpose. 54
a. Sales Contracts 54
b. Barter 54
c. Donation Contracts 54
d. Other types of contracts 54
i. Rental Contract 54
ii. Contract of Loan of an Object for Use and Contract of Loan of an Object for Consume 55
e. Contract of bailment 55
f. Contracts of guarantee 55
2. Contracts that are not regulated in the Code 55
a. Combined Contracts 55
b. Mixed Contracts 55
Bibliography 56
Chapter 2
TURKISH PROPERTY LAW
Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER 57
I. Generally 57
A. Property right 57
II. Immovable Property 57
III. Real Rights (Rights in Rem) 58
A. Limited rights in rem 58
1. Servitudes 58
2. Real burdens 58
a. Lien 58
b. Mortgage 59
IV. Possession 59
V. Land Register 59
A. Generally 59
B. The role of registration in the transfer of title 59
1. Introduction 59
2. Relevant Turkish rules 60
3. The publicity principle and the registration principle 61
a. The Absolute Registration Principle (absolutes Eintragungsprinzip) 62
(1) Generally 62
(2) Nature and meaning of this principle 64
(3) The reason for the absolute registration principle 64
(4) Transfer of ownership of real estate through land registration (the field of application of the absolute registration principle) 64
(a) Generally 64
(b) Elements of the transfer 65
b. The relative registration principle (relativen Eintragungsprinzips) 72
4. Conclusion 72
Bibliography 74
Chapter 3
SELECTED CONTRACTS IN TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS
Res. Asst. Hasanali AKAY, Res. Asst. Murat UÇAK 77
SECTION I CONTRACT FOR WORK AND SERVICES 77
I. General 77
II. Definition 77
III. Obligations of the Contractor 78
A. Duty of Care 78
B. Duty of Loyalty 79
C. Obligation Regarding the Material 79
D. Commencement of the Work and Performance of the Work Related with the Contract 80
E. Liability for Defect 81
IV. Obligations of the Customer 82
A. Payment 82
1. Due Date for Payment 82
2. Lump Sum Price 82
3. Price Ad Valorem 83
V. Termination of the Contract 83
A. Exceeding the Approximate Price (Art. 482 CO) 83
B. Destruction of the Work (Art. 483 CO) 84
C. Withdrawal in Return for Indemnity (Art. 484 CO) 84
D. Impossibility of the Performance of the Work Because of the Customer
(Art. 485 CO) 84
E. DeathIncapacity of the Contractor (Art. 486 CO) 85
SECTION II GENERAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 85
I. Definition 85
II. Elements of the Employment Contract 85
A. Obligation to Work 85
B. To Undertake the Performance of the Work for a LimitedUnlimited Period 86
C. Payment 86
D. Dependency Relation 86
E. Agreement 87
III. Obligations of the Employee 87
A. Duty to Assume the Tasks in Person 87
B. Compliance with General Directives and Instructions 88
C. Duty of Care 88
D. Duty of Loyalty 89
E. Disclosure and Handing Over of Benefits Received and of the Work Produced 90
F. Duty to Work Overtime 90
IV. Obligations of the Employer 90
A. Payment of Wages 90
B. Obligation to Provide Tools and Material 91
C. Obligation to Bear the Expenses 91
D. Obligation of the Employer Related to the Protection of the Employee’s Personality Rights 92
E. Obligation to Comply with the Employee’s Right to Holiday and Leave 93
V. Termination of the Employment Contract 93
A. Termination of the Fixed–Term Employment Contract 93
B. Termination of the Employment Contract with Indefinite Term 94
C. Rightful Termination of the Employment Contract 94
D. Termination of the Employment Contract Upon Death 95
SECTION III LEASE CONTRACT 95
I. Definition and Parties of the Lease 96
II. Term of the Lease 96
III. Obligations of the LandlordLessor 96
VI. Obligations of the LesseeTenant 98
V. Special Cases 99
VI. End of Lease 100
VII. Provisions Related to Commercial and Residential Premises 101
SECTION IV CONTRACT OF MANDATE 105
I. Definition and Scope of Application 105
II. Obligations of the Mandatary 106
III. Obligations of the Mandator 107
IV. Termination of the Mandate 107
Bibliography 108
Chapter 4
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ömer UĞUR 109
SECTION I GENERAL 109
I. Basic Concepts of Individual Labour Law 109
A. Employee 109
B. Employer 110
C. Apprentice (Çırak) 111
D. Intern (Stajyer) 111
E. Contract of Employment (İş Sözleşmesi) 112
II. Scope of the Labour Code 112
A. Works within the Scope of the Labour Code 112
B. Works outside the Scope of the Labour Code 113
SECTION II TYPES OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 115
I. General 115
II. Transitory and Permanent Contract of Employment 115
A. Transitory Contract of Employment (Süreksiz İş Sözleşmesi) 116
B. Permanent Contract of Employment (Sürekli İş Sözleşmesi) 116
C. Consequences of the Distinction between Transitory and Permanent Contract of Employment 116
III. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term and Definite Term 116
A. Contract of Employment with an Indefinite Term (Belirsiz Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 117
B. Contract of Employment with a Definite Term (Belirli Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 117
1. Legal ments of the Contract of Employment with a Definite Term 117
IV. Part Time and Full Time Contract of Employment 118
V. Contract of Employment with Trial Period (Deneme Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 119
SECTION III TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 120
I. Situations Resulting in the Termination of the Contract of Employment 120
A. Mutual Rescission (İkale) 120
B. End of the Fixed Term 120
C. Death 121
II. Termination of the Contract of Employment upon Notice (İş Sözleşmesinin Bildirimli Feshi) 121
A. General 121
B. Termination Notice Periods (Fesih Bildirim Süreleri) 122
III. Termination of the Contract of Employment upon Notice that Contains a Valid Ground (İş Sözleşmesinin Geçerli Nedenle Feshi) 123
A. General 123
B. Valid Grounds for Termination 123
IV. Rightful Termination of the Contract of Employment (İş Sözleşmesinin Haklı Nedenle Feshi) 124
A. General 124
B. Termination of the Contract by Employees 125
1. Health issues 125
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 125
3. Act of providence 126
C. Termination of the Contract by Employers 126
1. Health issues 126
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 127
3. Act of providence 128
4. Absence due to an arrestdetention 128
V. Results of the Termination of the Contract of Employment 129
A. Severance Pay (Kıdem Tazminatı) 129
B. Pay in Lieu of Notice (İhbar Tazminatı) 130
C. Payment of Annual Paid Leave (Yıllık Ücretli İzin Ücreti) 130
D. Reemployment Lawsuit (İşe İade Davası) 131
SECTION IV LABOUR JUDICIARY 131
I. General 131
II. Competence and Venue 132
A. Competence (Görev) 132
B. Venue (Yetki) 132
III. Procedure 133
A. Mandatory Mediation (Zorunlu Arabuluculuk) 133
B. Trials (Yargılama) 133
Bibliography 135
Chapter 5
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ,
Res. Asst. Didem YALÇINTAŞ 137
SECTION I UNIONS 138
I. The Concept of Union and Its Structure 138
A. Definition and Features of Unions 138
B. Formation of Unions 139
C. Membership of Unions 140
D. Organs of Unions 141
II. Trade Union Freedom 142
A. Trade Union Freedom and Its Features 142
B. Protection of Trade Union Freedom 143
1. Safeguards Provided for Workers’ Organization Officials (İşçi Kuruluşu Yöneticiliğinin Güvencesi) 143
2. Protection of Shop Stewards (İşyeri Sendika Temsilciliğinin Güvencesi) 144
3. Safeguards Provided for Trade Union Membership 145
SECTION II COLLECTIVE LABOUR AGREEMENT 145
I. Definition and Properties of Collective Labour Agreements 145
II. Types of Collective Labour Agreements 146
A. Workplace Collective Labour Agreement 147
B. Group Collective Labour Agreement 147
C. Enterprise Collective Labour Agreement 147
D. Framework Agreement 147
III. Capacity and Competence to Conclude a Collective Labour Agreement 148
IV. Collective Bargaining Process (Toplu Görüşme Süreci) 149
A. Invitation to Collective Bargaining 149
B. Negotiations 150
V. Strikes, Lock–Outs and Their Exceptions 151
A. Decision to StrikeLock–out 151
B. Strike Ballot 152
C. Prohibition and Suspension of Strikes and Lock–Outs 153
D. Execution of Strikes and Lock–Outs 154
E. Effects of Lawful StrikesLock–Outs on Individual Employment Contracts 154
F. Consequences of an Unlawful StrikeLock–Out 155
G. Termination of Strikes and Lock–Outs 155
Bibliography 157
Chapter 6
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ebru KARABACAK 159
SECTION I INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 159
I. Concept of Social Insurance 159
II. Models Affecting Social Security Perception 160
A. The Bismarck Model 160
B. Beveridge Model 161
C. Private Insurance Model 161
III. Techniques Used For Social Insurance 161
IV. Attributes of Social Insurance 162
V. The Social Insurance Institution 162
VI. Financing of Social Security 163
SECTION II FIELD OF APPLICATION OF SOCIAL INSURANCES 166
I. Field of Application in Terms of Persons 166
A. Individuals Who Are Deemed to be Insured 166
1. Insurance of Individuals Working Dependently 166
2. Insurance of Independent Workers 169
3. Insurance of Public Servants 170
4. Insurance of Foreigners 171
B. Insurance Holders Who Are Deemed Partly Insured 172
C. Individuals Who Are Not Deemed to be Insurance Holders 175
II. Notification of the Beginning of Insurance 176
III. Determination of Insurance by Judicial Decision (Service Detection Actions) 179
IV. Overlap of Insurance Situations 180
V. Consolidation of Insurance Periods 181
VI. Voluntary Insurance 182
A. General 182
B. ments for Voluntary Insurance 183
C. Principles of Voluntary Insurance 184
D. Termination of Voluntary Insurance 184
VII. Scope of Application in Terms of Location 184
SECTION III TYPES OF SOCIAL INSURANCE 185
I. Work Accident and Occupational Disease Insurance 185
II. Illness Insurance 189
III. Maternity Insurance 189
IV. Invalidity Insurance 190
V. Old–Age Insurance 191
VI. Survivors’ Insurance 192
VII. Unemployment Insurance 192
VIII. General Health Insurance 193
SECTION IV RIGHT OF RECOURSE IN SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 193
SECTION V SERVICE OWING 195
I. Periods That Can Be Owed 196
A. Unpaid Maternity Leave Periods and Postnatal Periods 197
B. Military Service Period 198
C. Incomplete Periods of Those Who Work Under a Part–Time Employment Contract 198
II. Principles 199
III. Owing Services Abroad 199
SECTION VI SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES 200
I. Social Assistance 200
II. Social Services 201
III. Nongovernmental Organizations and Social Security 201
SECTION VII PRIVATE PENSION SYSTEM 202
Bibliography 204
Chapter 7
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 207
SECTION I TASKS OF THE STATE 207
I. Importance of Ensuring Occupational Health and Safety 207
II. Constitutional Basis of Occupational Health and Safety 207
III. Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 208
IV. National Council of Occupational Health and Safety 208
V. Insurance Premium Reinforcement System 208
VI. Inspection of Occupational Health and Safety 208
SECTION II EMPLOYERS’ DUTIES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSITE 209
I. Employers’ Duties 209
A. Duty to Take All Necessary Precautions 209
B. Duty to Supervise 209
C. Duty of Training and Informing 209
D. Duty to Perform Risk Assessment 210
E. Duty to Perform Healthcare Supervision 210
F. Duty to Report Work Accident and Record Keeping 211
G. Other Duties 211
II. Organization of the Worksite about Occupational Health and Safety 211
A. Committee of Occupational Health and Safety (İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulu) 211
B. Occupational Safety Experts (İş Güvenliği Uzmanları) 212
C. Occupational Physicians (İşyeri Hekimleri) 212
D. Worksite Health and Safety Unit (İşyeri Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) and Health and Safety Joint Unit (Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) 213
SECTION III EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 213
I. Employees’ Rights 213
A. Right to Abstain from Work 214
B. Right to Participate 215
C. Right to File a Complaint to Administrative Authorities (İhbar Hakkı) 215
D. Right to Terminate the Employment Contract with Valid Reason 216
II. Employees’ Duties 216
SECTION IV OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANCTIONS 217
I. Administrative Sanctions 218
A. Administrative Fines 218
B. Suspension of the work 218
C. Disqualification from tendering 218
II. Penal Sanctions 219
III. Legal Sanctions 219
Bibliography 220
Chapter 8
LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
Res. Asst. Emin ÇAMURCU 221
SECTION I COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 221
I. Elements of Commercial Enterprise 222
A. Aiming to Produce an Income Higher Than the Artisan Enterprise 222
B. Continuity 222
C. Independence 222
II. Contracts Related with Commercial Enterprises 223
SECTION II NOTIONS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 223
I. Merchant 223
A. Identifying a Merchant 224
1. Natural Persons 224
2. Legal Persons 224
B. Consequences of Being a Merchant 225
1. Bankruptcy 225
2. Role of Commercial Usage and Custom 225
3. Impossibility to Request Reduction of the FeeContractual Penalty 226
4. Right to Demand Payment of a Remuneration and Interest 226
II. Commercial Affair (Ticari İş) 226
A. Presumption of Commercial Affair 227
B. Consequences of Qualifying an Affair as Commercial Affair 228
1. Presumption of Joint Liability 228
2. Interest in Commercial Affairs 228
3. Statute of Limitation Periods in Commercial Affairs 229
III. Commercial Clauses 229
IV. Merchant Assistants 231
A. Commercial Representative (Ticari Temsilci) 231
B. Commercial Delegate (Ticari Vekil) 232
C. Agent (Acente) 233
Bibliography 236
Chapter 9
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 237
SECTION I OVERVIEW OF COMPANY LAW IN TURKEY 237
I. General 237
II. Commercial Companies 238
SECTION II CAPITAL COMPANIES 239
I. Joint Stock Companies 239
A. General Assembly 240
B. Board of Directors 245
C. Shareholders’ Rights 248
1. Personal Rights of the Shareholders 248
a. Right of participation in the GM: 248
b. Right to vote: 248
c. Right to information and examination: 248
d. Right to request the appointment of special audit: 249
e. Right to request the nullity of GM resolutions: 250
2. Financial Rights of the Shareholders 250
D. Share Transfer 250
II. Limited Liability Companies 251
A. General Assembly 252
B. Directors 255
C. Share Transfer 256
Bibliography 257
Chapter 10
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Res. Asst. Hasan Onur AKAY 259
SECTION I GENERAL 259
I. Definition and Legislation 259
II. Elements and Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 260
A. Elements of Negotiable Instruments 260
B. Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 261
III. Classification of Negotiable Instruments 261
A. Classification Based on the Right Embodied in the Instrument 261
1. Instruments Embodying a Monetary Claim (Alacak Senetleri) 261
2. Commodity Instruments (Emtia Senetleri) 262
3. Equity/Share Instruments (Pay Senetleri) 262
4. Instruments That Serve to Participate in Capital Companies (Ortaklığa Katılma Senetleri) 262
5. Combined Instruments (Karma Nitelikli Senetler) 262
B. Classification Based on the Transfer Procedure of the Instrument 262
1. Registered Negotiable Instruments (Nama Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 263
2. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Order (Emre Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 263
3. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Bearer (Hamile/Hamiline Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 263
SECTION II COMMERCIAL PAPERS 264
I. General 264
II. Bills of Exchange 264
A. Form of a Bill of Exchange 264
B. Transfer of Bills of Exchange 266
C. Acceptance (Kabul) 268
D. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 268
E. Period of Limitation 269
III. Promissory Notes 269
A. General 269
B. Form of a Promissory Note 269
C. Period of Limitation 270
IV. Checks 270
A. General 270
B. Form of a Check 271
C. Period of Presentation 272
D. Transfer of Checks 273
E. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 274
F. Period of Limitation 274
Bibliography 275
Chapter 11
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 277
SECTION I SOURCES OF TURKISH MARITIME LAW AND THE STRUCTURE MARITIME ADMINISTRATION 277
I. Sources of Turkish Maritime Law 277
A. Turkish Commercial Code 277
B. International Conventions 278
C. Other National Legislation 279
II. The Structure of Turkish Maritime Administration 280
SECTION II SHIP AND OWNERSHIP OF A SHIP 282
I. Definition and Legal Nature of a Ship 282
B. The Legal Nature of a Ship 283
C. Some Elements Determining the Identity of a Ship 284
1. Name of the Ship 284
2. Flag of the Ship 284
a. General 284
b. Vessels which have the right to hoist a Turkish flag 285
ba. Ships owned by real persons 285
bb. Ships owned by the association of ship owners 285
bba. Ships owned legal entities 285
bbb. Ships owned by commercial companies 285
c. Temporary hoisting of a foreign flag by Turkish vessels 286
d. Temporary hoisting of a Turkish flag by foreign vessels 286
3. Ship’s (Vessel’s) Home Port 286
4. Ship’s Tonnage 287
5. Ship’s Class 287
6. Ship Registry 287
a. National Ship Registry 287
aa. Ship Registry Directorate 288
ab. Scope of the Registry 288
aba. Ships which can lawfully be registered with the Ship Registry 288
abb. Ships which cannot be registered with the Ship Registry 289
b. Registry for Ships under Construction 289
c. Turkish International Ship Registry (TISR) 289
ca. ments to register in the TISR 289
cb. Financial rules Relating to TISR 290
cba. Dues regarding vessels registered with the TISR 290
cbb. Financial facilities provided to vessels registered with the TISR 291
d. Mooring Log 292
II. Ownership of a Vessel 292
A. Exercitor Navis (Donatan) 293
1. Cases Which Result in the Liability of the Owner 293
a. Owner’s Liability Arising from the Fault of the Crew Members 293
b. Owner’s Liability Arising from the Transactions Carried out by the Master 293
c. Limitation of the Master’s Liability 293
2. Owner’s Liability for Tortious Acts 293
3. Authorized Court for Actions to Be Filed Against the Owner 293
B. Ship Operator (Disponent Owner) 294
C. Partnership Operating a Ship (Joint Ownership) 294
SECTION III MASTER 294
I. General 294
II. Master’s Duties 294
III. Master’s Powers 296
A. To Represent the Owner 296
1. When the Ship is at the Home Port 296
2. Whilst the Ship is Outside the Home Port 296
B. Credit Transactions 296
C. Undertaking for Foreign Exchanges 297
D. LimitationsRemoval of the Master’s Power of Representation 297
E. Master’s Power to Represent the Persons Interested with the Cargo 297
1. Duty to Protect the Interests of the Persons Interested with the Cargo 297
2. Master’s Power to Dispose of the Goods 298
IV. Master’s Duties and Rights 298
A. Duties Against Third Parties 298
B. Duties Against the Owner 298
1. Duty to Give Information to the Owner 298
2. Duty to Hand Over the Freight and Other Sums to the Owner 299
3. Prohibition to Load Cargo on His Own Account 299
SECTION IV MARITIME TRADE CONTRACTS 299
I. Bareboat Charter Party 299
A. Definition and Its Elements 300
1. Definition 300
2. Elements of the Definition 300
B. Provisions of the Bareboat Charter 300
1. Rights of the Charterer 300
a. Right to use the ship 300
b. Right to request the registration of the charter in the ship registry 301
c. Right to request the delivery of the chartered vessel 301
2. Obligations of the Charterer 301
a. Obligation to pay the rent 301
b. Employment of the seamen 301
c. Reimbursement of the expenditures 301
d. Insurance 302
e. Claims arising from the operation of the ship 302
f. Re–delivery of the vessel 302
II. Time Charter Party 302
A. Definition and Its Elements 302
1. Definition 302
2. Elements of the Definition 302
B. Rights and Obligations of the Parties 303
1. To undertake the technical management of the ship 303
2. Commercial management of the ship 303
3. To meet the outgoings 303
C. Obligation to pay a fee and its guarantee 303
D. Liability of the allocated party and his obligation to deliver the ship 304
III. Contract of Affreightment 304
A. Definition and Types of Affreightment Contracts 304
1. Definition 304
2. Types 305
a. Voyage Charter 305
aa. Full Charter 305
ab. Partial Charter 305
b. Contracts in Liner Shipping 305
B. Main Freight Contracts and Sub–Freight Contracts 305
C. Parties to the Affreightment Contract 306
1. Carrier 306
2. Charterer 306
D. Other Persons Interested with the Cargo 307
1. Shipper 307
2. Consignee (Receiver) 307
E. Execution of the Carriage and Its Phases 307
1. Loading 307
a. Loading Place 308
b. Loading Period 308
ba. Calculation of the Loading Period 308
bb. Cases which are not accepted as loading period 308
c. Demurrage Period 308
d. Loading Expenses 309
2. Discharge 309
a. Discharge Expenses 309
b. Discharge Period 309
c. Non–discharge of the cargo 310
F. Liability of the Carrier 310
1. Liability for the Irregularities Occurred at the Outset 310
2. Liability of the Carrier for Loss ofDamage to Cargofor Late Delivery 311
3. Special Situations 311
a. Loading the cargo to another ship and transhipment 311
b. Loading onto deck without permission 312
c. Unjust deviation 312
4. Duration for Which the Carrier is Liable 312
G. Carriage Documents 312
1. Bill of Lading (B/L) 313
2. Sea Waybill 313
H. Duration for Acceptance of Delay and the Loss of Goods 313
IV. Contract of Carriage of Passengers 313
A. Definitions 314
1. Contract of Carriage of Passengers by Sea 314
2. Carrier and Actual Carrier 314
3. Passenger 314
4. Baggage 314
5. Defects of the Ship 315
B. Time Bar 315
SECTION V MARINE ACCIDENTS 315
I. General Average 315
A. Definitions and Its Elements 315
1. Definition 315
2. Elements of General Average 316
B. Substitution Expenses 316
C. Dispatch 317
1. The person responsible for making the dispatch 317
2. Determination of the Dispatcher 317
3. Opposition to the dispatch 317
D. Debtors of the Dispatch Shares and Security 318
1. Debtors of the Dispatch Shares 318
2. Guarantee 318
E. Time Bar 318
II. Collision 318
A. Definition of Collision and Its Types 319
1. Definition 319
2. Types of Collision 319
a. Collision without fault 319
b. Collision by fault 319
ba. Collision by unilateral fault 319
bb. Collision by bilateral fault 319
c. Comparative Collision 320
B. Damages to Be Indemnified as a Result of Collision 320
1. Material Damages 320
2. Bodily Damages 320
C. Time Bar 321
III. Salvage 321
A. Definitions 321
1. Salvage Operation 321
2. Water Vehicle 322
3. Goods 322
B. Salvage Contract 322
1. Salvage Contract and its Scope 322
2. The Provisions Which Could Not Be Changed 322
C. Obligations of the Parties 323
1. Obligations of the Salvor 323
2. Obligations of the Ownerthe Master of the Ship Under Danger and the Cargo Owners 323
D. Salvage Fee 323
1. Scope of the Salvage Fee 323
2. Criteria for the Determination of the Salvage Fee 324
3. Persons Liable for Salvage Fee 325
E. Time Bar 325
SECTION VI MARITIME LIENS AND ENFORCEMENT 325
I. Maritime Liens 325
A. Notion of Maritime Lien 326
B. Claims Granting a Right of Maritime Lien 327
II. Maritime Enforcement 327
A. Maritime Claims 327
B. Taking Maritime Claims under Guarantee 329
1. Precautionary Attachment 329
2. Conditions Applicable to the Precautionary Attachment 330
C. Competent Court 330
1. About the precautionary attachment decision 330
a. Before filing a lawsuit 330
aa. For Turkish flag vessels 330
ab. For foreign flag vessels 330
b. After filing a lawsuit 331
2. About the Oppositions to the Lien 331
3. About the Enforcement 331
4. About the Indemnity Action filed due to Unjust Precautionary Attachment 331
D. The Claimant’s Guarantee 332
SECTION VII LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION OF LOSSES ARISING FROM OIL POLLUTION 332
I. Liability For Sea Pollution 332
II. Limitation of Liability 333
Bibliography 334
Chapter 12
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Barış GÜNAY, Res. Asst. Sena YAZICI 337
SECTION I INTRODUCTION 337
SECTION II THE INSURANCE ACT (LAW NO. 5684) 338
I. Insurance and Reinsurance Companies (Sigorta ve Reasürans Şirketleri) 338
II. Intermediaries (Sigorta Aracıları) 339
III. Supervision 340
IV. Assurance Account (Güvence Hesabı) 340
V. Insurance Arbitration Scheme (Sigorta Tahkim Sistemi) 340
SECTION III INSURANCE CONTRACTS 342
I. General Provisions 342
A. Obligations and Duties of the Insurer 343
1. Obligation to carry the risk 343
2. Pre–contractual information duty 344
3. Obligation to issue and deliver policy 345
4. Obligation to pay expenses 345
5. Obligation to pay indemnity 345
B. Obligations and Duties of the Insured 346
1. Obligation to pay premium 346
2. Duty of disclosure 346
3. Duty to Provide Information and to Allow Investigation 347
4. Duty to Prevent LossIncrease in Loss 348
II. Special Provisions 348
A. Indemnity Insurances (Zarar Sigortaları) 349
1. Property Insurance (Mal Sigortası) 349
2. Liability Insurance (Sorumluluk Sigortası) 350
B. Personal Insurances (Can Sigortaları) 351
1. Life Insurance (Hayat Sigortası) 351
2. Accident Insurance (Kaza Sigortası) 352
3. Sickness Insurance and Health Insurance (Hastalık ve Sağlık Sigortası) 352
Bibliography 353
Chapter 13
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 355
SECTION 1 TRADE MARK LAW 356
I. Definition and Registrability of Trade Mark 357
II. Persons Who Are Entitled to Protection 358
III. Functions of Trade Mark 358
IV. Registration of Trade Mark 359
V. Absolute and Relative Grounds for Refusal 360
VI. Trade Mark Protection 363
VII. Duration of Trade Mark Registration 365
SECTION 2 PATENT LAW 365
I. Patentability 366
II. Registration, Grant and Ownership of Patent 367
III. Employee Inventions 368
IV. Duration 370
V. Protection of Patent 370
SECTION 3 DESIGN LAW 371
I. Definition and Registrability of Design 371
II. Protection of Design 372
III. Duration of Design Protection 373
IV. Right to the Design and Employee Designs 373
Bibliography 374
Chapter 14
TURKISH COMPETITION LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 375
I. General 375
A. Competition Authority 375
1. Competition Board 376
2. Legal Nature and Judicial Review of the Decisions of the Competition Board 377
B. Sources of Competition Law 377
C. Relationship Between Competition Law and Unfair Competition 377
II. Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices Restricting Competition 378
A. Agreements, Concerted Practices and Decisions of Associations of Undertakings 379
1. Agreement 379
2. Concerted Practice 380
3. Decision of an Association of Undertakings 381
a. Association of Undertakings 381
b. Decision of an Association of Undertakings 381
B. Examples of Anti–Competitive Agreements 382
C. Exemption 383
III. Abuse of Dominant Position 385
A. Dominant Position 385
B. Examples of Abuse of Dominant Position 386
IV. Mergers and Acquisitions 387
A. Transactions Treated as Mergers and Acquisitions 387
1. Mergers 387
2. Acquisitions 388
3. Joint Ventures 390
a. Full–Function Joint Ventures 391
b. Non Full–Function Joint Ventures 392
B. Authorization System 392
V. Private Enforcement of Competition Law 393
Bibliography 398
Chapter 15
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
Res. Asst. Elif Irmak BÜYÜK 401
I. General 401
II. Competence and Venue: Where to Commence an Action 402
A. Jurisdictional Branches and Court Organization 402
B. Competence and Venue 403
III. Lawsuit 405
A. General 405
B. Parties 406
C. Phases of a Lawsuit 407
1. Exchange of Petitions (Pleading) Phase (Dilekçeler Aşaması) 407
2. Preliminary Investigation Phase (Ön İnceleme Aşaması) 409
3. Investigation Phase (Tahkikat) 410
a. Evidence 410
4. Oral Hearings and Rendering of the Verdict (Sözlü Yargılama ve Hükmün Verilmesi) 412
IV. Interim Measures (Geçici Hukuki Korumalar) 413
V. Legal Avenues (Kanun Yolu) 414
A. General 414
B. Appeal Procedure in the CCP No 6100 416
C. Appeal Procedure in the –former– CCP No 1086 419
VI. Arbitration 420
A. General 420
B. Arbitration Agreement 421
1. General 421
2. Written Form 422
3. Subject 422
C. Effect of the Arbitration Agreement 422
D. Arbitration Procedure 422
1. Commencing of Arbitration 422
2. Term of Arbitration 423
3. Termination of the Arbitration Proceeding 423
E. Action for Annulment 424
VII. Mediation 425
A. General 425
B. Scope of the Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes 426
C. Basic Principles 426
1. Voluntary Participation and Equality 426
2. Confidentiality 427
3. Inability to Use Statements and Documents 427
D. Mediation Activity 427
E. Completion of Mediation 430
F. Enforceability 430
G. Mandatory Mediation in Turkish Labour Law 431
Bibliography 432
Chapter 16
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN, Res. Asst. Çağatay Serdar ŞAHİN 435
SECTION I GENERAL FEATURES OF EXECUTION LAW 435
I. Introduction 435
II. Scope of Application 436
III. Basic Concepts and Organization of Turkish Execution Law 437
A. Credit–Debt and Creditor–Debtor in the EBC 437
B. Executive Organization 437
1. Execution Offices (Art. 1 EBC) (İcra Daireleri) 438
2. Execution Courts (Art. 4 EBC) (İcra Mahkemeleri) 438
3. Relevant Chambers of the Supreme Court 439
IV. Complaint Procedure (Art. 16 – 18 EBC) (Şikâyet) 440
A. Legal Character and Function of the Complaint Procedure 440
B. Grounds for Complaint 441
1. Unlawfulness of the Actions of Execution Offices 441
2. Inappropriateness of the Act to the Circumstances 441
3. Failure to Implement a Right 442
4. Impediment of Observance of a Right Without a Cause 442
C. Procedure 442
1. Limitation Period 442
2. Competence and Venue 443
SECTION II TYPES AND STAGES OF EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS 443
I. Types of Execution Proceedings 443
A. General 443
B. General Attachment Procedure (Art. 46–144 EBC) (Genel Haciz Yoluyla Takip) 444
1. Request for Execution (Art. 58 EBC) (Takip Talebi) 445
2. Order of Payment (Art. 60–61 EBC) (Ödeme Emri) 445
3. Attachment (Art. 78 et seq. EBC) 446
4. Sale of the Attached Goods (Art. 106–137 EBC) 447
5. Reimbursement of the Creditor (Art. 138–144/a EBC) 448
II. Provisional Attachment Procedure (İhtiyati Haciz) 448
A. General 448
B. Definition and Legal Character of Provisional Attachment 448
C. Conditions of Provisional Attachment 449
1. Provisional Attachment for Due Debts 449
2. Provisional Attachment for Deferred Debts 449
D. Procedure 450
Bibliography 452
Chapter 17
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY LAW
Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif GÜL 453
SECTION I TURKISH BANKRUPTCY LAW 453
I. General 453
II. Bankruptcy Bodies 454
A. Official Bodies 454
1. Fundamental Official Bodies 455
a. Execution Office 455
b. Bankruptcy Office 455
c. Execution Court 455
d. Commercial Court of First Instance 456
e. Court of Appeal 456
2. Subsidiary Official Bodies 456
B. Non–Official Bodies 456
III. Grounds for Bankruptcy 456
SECTION II TURKISH INSOLVENCY LAW 459
I. Postponement of Bankruptcy (İflâsın Ertelenmesi) 459
A. Grounds for Postponement of Bankruptcy 460
1. Procedural Grounds 460
a. Declaration of Over–indebtedness 460
b. Request for Postponement of Bankruptcy 461
c. Submission of the Balance–Sheet 461
d. Submission of the Rehabilitation Project 461
e. Payment of the Costs in Advance 461
f. Not to Have Availed of the Extraordinary Grace Period (Fevkalâde Mühlet) 462
2. Substantive Grounds 462
a. Over–indebtedness 462
b. Hope to Ensure the Continuance of the Company 462
c. Protection of Creditors’ Rights 462
II. Reorganisation (Konkordato) 463
A. Ordinary Reorganisation (Adî Konkordato) 463
1. Reorganisation outside Bankruptcy (İflâs Dışı Konkordato) 463
a. Reorganisation Proposal 464
b. Examination of the Reorganisation Proposal 464
c. Respite for Concordat 464
d. Results of the Respite for Concordat 464
e. Annulment of the Respite for Concordat 465
f. Creditors’ Meeting 465
g. Approval of the Reorganisation Project 466
h. Annulment of the Reorganisation Project 467
2. Reorganisation within Bankruptcy (İflâs İçi Konkordato) 467
B. Reorganisation by way of Abandonment of the Debtor’s Assets (Malvarlığının Terki Suretiyle Konkordato) 468
III. Restructuring of Capital Stock Companies and Cooperatives by Way of Conciliation (Sermaye Şirketleri ve Kooperatiflerin Uzlaşma Yoluyla Yeniden Yapılandırılması) 469
SECTION III ACTION FOR RESCISSION OF DISPOSITION – ACTIO PAULIANA (TASARRUFUN İPTALI DAVASI) 471
Bibliography 473
Chapter 18
TURKISH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
Res. Asst. Kazım ÇINAR 475
SECTION I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 475
SECTION II CONFLICT OF LAWS 476
I. General Issues 476
A. Classification 476
B. Renvoi 477
C. Application of Foreign Law 477
D. Exceptions to Competent Foreign Law 478
II. Conflict of Law Provisions 479
A. Form of Transaction and Statute of Limitation 479
B. Law of Persons and Family Law 479
C. Inheritance Law 480
D. Property Law 480
E. Law of Obligations 481
SECTION III INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 482
I. Jurisdictional Immunity 482
II. International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts 483
III. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 485
IV. International Arbitration 489
SECTION IV TURKISH CITIZENSHIP LAW 492
I. General 492
II. Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship 492
III. Loss of Turkish Citizenship 494
A. Loss of Turkish citizenship by decision of the competent authority 495
B. Loss of Turkish Citizenship by the use of the right of choice 496
SECTION V LAW OF FOREIGNERS 497
I. General 497
II. Residence Permit 498
III. Work Permit 499
IV. Possession of Land in Turkey 503
Bibliography 504
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