Technological Advances in Plant Innovation_{The Dynamics of Intellectual Property Law}

İÇİNDEKİLER
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 7
Abstract 9
List of Figures and Tables 15
Table of Authorities 17
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 23
Definitions of Central Terms 25
INTRODUCTION 31
i. Background of the Research 31
ii. Research Objectives 44
iii. Methodology and Structure 47
1. Chapter I 48
2. Chapter II 49
3. Chapter III 50
iv. Sources 50
CHAPTER I
Trajectory of Developments in Plant Innovation and
IP Protection
A. Trajectory of Developments in Plant Innovation 51
i. The Key Characteristics of Plant Innovation 52
1. Cumulative 53
2. Path Dependent 54
3. Sequential 55
ii. Paradigm of Phenotype 55
iii. Paradigm Shift from Phenotype to Genotype 58
iv. Molecular Breeding Era 61
v. Nanoscale Breeding and Plants as Genetic Datasets 70
B. Trajectory of Developments in IP Protection 73
i. Institutional Shifts in Plant Breeding 73
ii. Advent of Plant Variety Protection 78
iii. Advent of Patent Protection 84
CHAPTER II
Existing IP Law Framework for Plant Innovation
A. Key Differences between Plant Variety Protection and Patent Protection 87
i. Farmers as User–innovators and Farm–saved Seed Exemption 91
ii. Comparative Analysis of Farm–saved Seed Exemption 98
iii. Breeder’s Exemption and Essentially Derived Variety 108
B. Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Innovation: Comparative Analysis 112
i. Liberal Approach 114
Australia 114
Japan 116
South Korea 117
United States 118
ii. Modified Approach 119
Canada 119
European Union 119
iii. Minimum Standards Provided by TRIPs 121
Argentina 122
Brazil 122
China 123
India 123
Mexico 124
Main Findings 124
C. Trends in Intellectual Property Protection for Plant Innovation 125
i. Trends in Patent Protection 125
ii. Trends in UPOV Model Plant Variety Protection 134
D. Empirical Analysis of the Incentive Effects of IP Protection 140
i. Incentive Effects on Agricultural Productivity Growth, Private Investment and R&D 141
ii. Incentive Effects on Foreign Direct Investment and Trade 155
Main Findings 161
CHAPTER III
Key Legal Challenges and Responses
A. Patent Law: Doctrinal Difficulties and Fluxes in the Formulations 163
i. Reconfiguration of the Invention 169
ii. Revisiting ‘Products of Nature’ Doctrine in the Biotech Era 173
iii. Distinguishing the ‘Essentially’ Biological Process in the Biotech Era 182
iv. Preion for the Product of Nature Doctrine: isolating and replicating natural to produce ‘unnatural’ 188
v. Anything Under the Sun Made by Man that is ‘Markedly Different’ 194
B. Co–Existence of PVP System and Patent Protection 202
i. Distinction between overlapping protection and premise of mutual exclusiveness 202
ii. De facto Overlaps between Patent and Plant Variety Protection Systems 206
Conclusion 211
Bibliography 235